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MEDICAL TERMS IN MY SISTER'S KEEPER MOVIE
AND THEIR TRANSLATION IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE TEXT
Oktafiani Prima Sari. [email protected] First Supervisor : Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum. Second Supervisor : Rachmat Nurcahyo, M.A. Yogyakarta State University ABSTRACT
This research aims 1) to describe the types of medical terms in My Sister's Keeper movie, 2) to describe the techniques in translating the English medical terms into Bahasa Indonesia in the subtitle of My Sister's Keeper, and 3) to describe the clarity level of the translated medical terms in My Sister's Keeper Movie. This research used mixed method, a combination of qualitative and quantitative method. The data were collected from the original VCD of My Sister's Keeper movie in the form of words, phrases, or even sentences containing medical terms. There are three theoretical frameworks in this research: types of medical terms in SNOMED-CT, the translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002), and Arnold's clarity assessment scale (1994). The instruments in this research are the researcher, the data sheet, and an open-closed questionnaire. There are 127 expressions in My Sister's Keeper movie containing medical terms. The result shows that 1) there are thirteen types of medical terms appearing in the movie; the most frequent types are clinical finding (42 or 33.07 %) and procedure (28 or 22.05 %) that give specific meanings in certain conditions related to the purposeful activities in providing healthcare such as clinical disorder, clinical examination, and medical treatment, 2) there are twelve translation techniques employed by the translator; the most dominant techniques are borrowing (27 or 21.26 %), calque (27 or 21.26 %), and established equivalent (21 or 16.54 %) that indicates the translator's attempt to maintain the same information and understanding as provoked in the source language, and 3) from all data it is considered that 84 data (66.14 %) are clear, 24 data (18.90 %) are less clear, and 19 data (14.96 %) are unclear. Keywords: medical terms, subtitling, My Sister's Keeper movie, types of medical
terms, translating techniques, clarity level
BACKGROUND
challenge in translating them for a movie Movie, also called as film and motion picture, is considered as a The translators need to have wide combination of literature, art, and industry. knowledge and high qualified skill in Until today, some movies have spread producing a subtitle for medical-themed worldwide and become popular because of movie in which medical terms occur. They translation. Translation has an important need to choose the best technique to transfer role as a bridge between the language the term in the target language. In addition, barrier and communication. they should account for the quality of the Translation in movie deals with translation product, which can be seen from audiovisual translation branch which has several measurements such as equivalence, three forms: dubbing, voice-over and accuracy, naturalness, clarity, etc. subtitling. In Indonesia, subtitling is often My Sister's Keeper is one of foreign used to translate movie. The reasons are that medical-themed movies that had been made it is the easiest procedure, inexpensive, and its Indonesian subtitles. It was released in does not take a long process. theaters on June 26, 2009. The movie, There are several themes of foreign which is based on a novel by Jodi Picoult, movies that have been subtitled into Bahasa was directed by Nick Cassavetes. It won Indonesia such as love story, family life, Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer politics, and revenge. Medical-themed Movie Drama category in 2009 and other movie has been proven to be one of the prestigious awards thereafter. It is narrated most difficult movie themes to be translated. that there is a family with a kid who suffers In fact, there are many specific terms used from leukemia and another younger kid is in this movie theme which are known as designed as a savior sibling or donor child. medical terminology. Medical terminology is used to procedures and there are many science accurately describe the human body and associated components, conditions, and processes in a science-based manner. It includes the name of body organs, diseases, phenomena that have been explained above, the writer analyzes the translation of procedures. Since the terms are basically medical terms in a medical-themed movie used by specific group of people, there is a entitled My Sister's Keeper. It focuses on identifying types of medical terms, the translation techniques, and clarity level of Keeper movie and also in its Indonesian those translated medical terms. subtitle texts. The instruments in this This research uses the nineteen research are the researcher herself as the hierarchies of medical terms in SNOMED- collector, analyst, and reporter of the data; CT: clinical finding, procedure, observable the data sheet to record and classify the data entity, body structure, organism, substance, based on the research objectives; and an specimen, pharmaceutical/biologic product, physical object, physical force, events, respondents to obtain the clarity level of environment/geographical location, social context, situation with explicit context, To achieve trustworthiness, the linkage concept, researcher applied triangulation by asking a qualifier value, record artifact, and special medical student and two translation students concept. It also employs the eighteen to check the research data and findings. translation techniques proposed by Molina Moreover, the results were discussed with and Albir (2002: 509-511): adaptation, the two research supervisors. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Findings
linguistic compression, literal translation, expressions containing medical terms. modulation, particularization, reduction, Table 1. Types of Medical Terms Found in My Sister's Keeper Movie substitution, transposition, and variation. Types of Medical
Percentage
Frequency
Lastly, there is a modification of the clarity Clinical finding assessment scale from Arnold (1994: 170). There are four clarity levels namely clear, biologic product average, less clear, and unclear. geographical location RESEARCH METHODS
Observable entity method, a combination of descriptive Table 1 shows that clinical finding qualitative and quantitative. The data in this appears mostly in the movie (42 or 33.07 research are the words, phrases, or sentences %). It is followed by procedure (28 or 22.05 containing medical terms in the dialogs and %), body structure (14 or 11.02 %), social scenes of the original source My Sister's Table 3 shows that 84 data (66.14 %) pharmaceutical/biologic product (8 or 6.30 are resulting clear translation, 24 data (18.90 %), physical object (6 or 4.72 %), substance %) are resulting in less clear translation, and (4 or 3.15 %), environment/geographical 19 data (14.96 %) are resulting in unclear location (3 or 2.36 %), observable entity (2 or 1.57 %), specimen (2 or 1.57 %), record B. DISCUSSION
artifact (2 or 1.57 %), organism (1 or 0.80 1. Types of Medical Terms
%), and events (1 or 0.80 %). a. Clinical Finding Table 2. Translation Techniques Employed Clinical finding is important for in Translating Medical Terms in My Sister's Keeper Movie
No
Translation Techniques
Frequency
Percentage (%)
examination findings. In the movie, this type appears in the form of clinical Established Equivalent Literal Translation Particularization technical name of disease. SE Kate: He has scars on his hands from
TE Kate: Ia punya bekas luka di
tangannya dari penyakit graft-versus-
Table 2 shows that borrowing and (Datum 114/CF/Bor/UC) calque are the most frequent techniques The term ‘graft-versus-host' (n) or used by the translator (27 or 21.26 %). It is usually called GVHD (Graft Versus Host followed by established equivalent (21 or Disease) is a condition which develops 16.54 %), literal translation (11 or 8.65 %), when cells from the grafted tissue react particularization (9 or 7.09 %), reduction (7 against the person's own tissue, causing or 5.51 %), description (5 or 3.94 %), skin disorders. Thus, the term is classified generalization (5 or 3.94 %), amplification as clinical finding because it refers to the (4 or 3.15 %), transposition (4 or 3.15 %), name of disease or clinical disorder. adaptation (3 or 2.36 %), and modulation (3 Procedure represents the purposeful Table 3. Clarity Level of Medical Terms in activities in providing health care. the Indonesian Subtitle Texts of My Sister's Keeper Movie SE Uncle Tommy: What about chemo?
TE Paman Tommy: Bagaimana dengan
Clarity Level
Frequency
Percentage (%)
(Datum 055/Pr/Bor/C) Chemo (informal) or chemotherapy (formal), a noun, is a medical treatment. It uses drugs to fight a disease, especially insurance, or offer multiple types of using toxic chemicals to destroy rapidly developing cancer cells. e. Pharmaceutical/Biologic Product c. Body Structure This type clearly refers to drug This concept includes both normal products. In this research it appears in the and abnormal anatomical structures. form of the name of drugs or brands. SE Anna: A scientist hooked up my
SE Kate: I can taste your Cytoxan.
mother's eggs and my father's sperm to
TE Kate: Aku bisa merasakan Cytoxan-
make a specific combination of genes. (Datum 110/PBP/Bor/UC) memeprtemukan sel telur ibuku dan
Cytoxan is anti-cancer chemotherapy sperma ayahku untuk membuat sebuah drug. It is commonly known by specific kombinasi gen tertentu. (Datum 007/BS/Est/C) group who consist of doctors, medical The term ‘egg' (n) in the context of the expression above is a reproductive cell produced in the female body by an ovary; if fertilized by the male sperm it becomes an This type includes both natural and man-made objects required for medical d. Social Context injuries. Physical object in My Sister's This type includes social conditions Keeper movie appears in the form of and circumstances significant to healthcare. devices related to medical procedure or Social context in My Sister's Keeper movie treatment performed in the hospital. appears in the form of social concept, SE Champbell: I have an iron lung and
occupation, person, and life style. Judge help me steer clear of magnets. TE Champbell: Aku punya paru-paru besi
SE Dr. Chance: The insurance company
dan Judge membantuku menjauhi will definitely not approve this, so we'lI have to re-admit through (Datum 018/PO/Cal/LC) Iron lung is the colloquial name for a TE Dr. Chance: Perusahaan asuransi tak
akan menyetujuinya jadi kita harus negative pressure ventilator. It enables a memasukkannya kembali lewat UGD. person to breathe when normal muscle (Datum 116/SC/Cal/C) An insurance company is a company control has been lost or the work of that offers insurance policies to the public as breathing exceeds the person's ability. an employee's benefit plan. It can specialize in one type of insurance, such as life This type covers both biological and nutrients, allergens, and materials. SE Campbell: Filgrastim shot. Those are
take medical treatment required for the growth hormones, am I correct?
TE Campbell: Suntikan filgrastim. Itu
hormon pertumbuhan, bukan?
(Datum 086/Su/Cal/C) GH (Growth Hormone) or HGH This type represents entities from a (Human Growth Hormone) is a substance patient that are obtained for examination or secreted by the pituitary gland during deep sleep. It stimulates growth of the long bones SE Nurse: I need the urine sample.
and protein synthesis. TE Perawat: Aku perlu sampel urin.
h. Environment/Geographical Location (Datum 098/Sp/Cal/C) The term refers to urine that is In My Sister's Keeper movie, this purposely collected from a patient's body type appears to represent the name of into a sterile container for a test. Urine location or room required for medical contains waste products that are filtered out of the body. If it contains anything unusual, SE Radiology therapist to room 231.
TE Ahli terapi radiologi ke Ruang 231.
this may indicates an underlying health (Datum No 126: 126/EGL/Lit/C) The term ‘room 231' is patient room k. Record Artifact number 231. It refers to a location in a This type contains reports and forms hospital where the patient stays for medical associated with the delivery of healthcare. treatment, called hospitalization, given by SE Judge De Salvo: I don't see the point.
the doctors and other medical staffs. Court's well aware of the family's
Observable entity medical history.
TE Hakim De Salvo: Aku tak mengerti.
This type represents a question or Sidang sudah tahu sejarah penyakit
assessment which can produce an answer or (Datum 123/RA/Cal/C) A family medical history is a record SE Dr. Chance: Allright, Kate. 1 to 10,
of health information about a person and his how is your pain?
TE Dr. Chance: Baiklah. Satu sampai 10,
or her close relatives. This record can bagaimana rasa sakitmu?
identify people with specific conditions of (Datum 099/OE/Lit/C) The expression above contains certain disorders which are influenced by numbers as scale to represent the degree of genetic factors, environmental condition, pain which is felt by a patient. This is a way and lifestyle choice. to measure how a patient feels the pain so that the doctor and other medical staffs can Organism includes animals, fungi, bacteria, and plants necessary for public health reporting and used in evidence based infectious protocol. SE Dr. Mark: Could be a virus.
TE Dr. Mark: Mungkin serangan virus.
Calque is a technique to literally (Datum 034/Or/Bor/C) translate a ST expression lexical or organism which causes disease in humans, animals and plants. Viruses cause many SE Dr. Mark: She may have an
autoimmune deficiency.
diseases including the common cold, AIDS, TE Dr. Mark: Mungkin dia mengalami
herpes and polio. defisiensi otoimun.
(Datum 037/CF/Cal/UC) Autoimmune deficiency is a lack of This type represents occurrences that results in injury or needs medical treatment. ‘autoimmune' is the modifier for word SE Anna: They are accidents.
‘deficiency'. The term is translated literally TE Anna: Mereka produk kecelakaan.
(Datum 002/Ev/Amp/LC) of each element and results a calque of expression, which preserves the syntactic something bad happens that is not expected structure of the source language while or intended. Relating to the context of the introducing phrases of fixed expression in previous dialogs in the movie, it refers to target language. the phenomena of having baby without c. Established Equivalent planning because of carelessness in having It is a technique to use recognized sexual intercourse, e.g. casual sex, lack of translation in the target language which is birth control, etc. available in dictionary or is used for daily 2. Translation Techniques
SE Sara: Your sister's sick.
Borrowing is a technique to take an TE Sara: Kakakmu sakit.
(Datum 016/CF/Est/C) According to the Dictionary of language. It can be differed into pure Medical Term (4th Ed), ‘sick' (adj) is having borrowing and naturalized borrowing. an illness. It can be physically or mentally SE Sara: Anemia, right?
ill so that makes someone feels not well or TE Sara: Anemia 'kan?
(Datum 032/CF/Bor/C) not healthy. The term ‘sick' is equal with The term ‘anemia' has been adopted the term ‘sakit' which is available in Kamus in the target language and becomes a Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). standard usage in the medical world of the d. Literal Translation Literal translation is a technique to Reduction is a technique to suppress translate word-for-word. information in the target text. SE Sara: They put needles into Anna's
SE Paramedic: BP is 100 over 68.
TE Paramedis: Seratus per 68.
TE Sara: Mereka menyuntik pinggul
(Datum 052/CF/Red/LC) BP is an abbreviation for blood (Datum 120/Pr/Lit/C) Basically, the term is translated measured in millimetres of mercury, at literally into ‘meletakkan jarum ke pinggul which the blood is pumped round the body Anna'. However, the translator transfers it by the heart. The translator omits BP or into a grammatically and idiomatically blood pressure, which has a function as an appropriate in the target language. observable entity in medical context and The word ‘put' consists of deeper measurement into ‘seratus per 68'. ‘meletakkan'. It is based on the context from the surroundings dialogs which represent It is a technique to use a description ‘menyuntik', a procedure to use a medical of a term or expression in the target stuff consists of a needle and syringe to put a liquid such as a drug into a person's body. SE Anna: It wasn't for the notoriety. Ηe
e. Particularization was an epileptic.
Particularization is a technique to TE Anna: Bukan demi reputasinya, karena
ia ternyata pengidap eplilepsi.
use more concrete or precise term in the (Datum 124/SC/Des/C) The term ‘epileptic' (n) is a person SE Sara: Oncology? But that's cancer.
with epilepsy. The term has been borrowed TE Sara: Dokter onkologi? Tapi itu
and adopted in Bahasa Indonesia into bidang kanker. (Datum 039/SC/Par/LC) ‘epileptik'. However, the translator decides The term ‘oncology' is a scientific to describe the term in the target language study of new growths, especially cancers. into ‘pengidap epilepsi' in order to deliver The translated term ‘dokter onkologi' is the term clearer. equivalent with the term ‘oncologist' in the h. Generalization source language which means a doctor who Generalization is a technique to use specializes in oncology. The fact that more general or neutral term in the target ‘oncology' indicates that the translator uses SE Dr. Chance: The fever Kate's been
particularization technique. getting, it's infection from the dyalisis.
TE Dr. Chance: Deman yang dialami Kate
adalah infeksi dari cuci darahnya.
TE Campbell: Tak ada yang bisa
(Datum 102/Pr/Gen/LC) memaksamu jadi donor kalau kau tak
Dialysis is a process for removing mau, bukan? (Datum 022/Pr/Tra/C) waste and excess water from the blood, and The translator changes the part of is used primarily as an artificial replacement speech from verb in the source language for lost kidney function in people with into noun in the target language. The term kidney failure. The term is absorbed and ‘donate' can be translated literally into borrowed in the target language into ‘mendonorkan' (v) in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘dialisis' or ‘hemodialisis' to be used in the However, the translator uses ‘donor' (n) medical world of the target society. which means a person who gives blood, However, the term ‘cuci darah' is more tissue, organs or reproductive material to be commonly used in the society so that the used to treat another person. translator chooses to use the term that is acceptable and clear for the target audience. Adaptation is a technique to replace a ST cultural element with TT cultural Amplification is a technique of adding information or paraphrase to SE Sara: Fifteen, she's about 90 pounds,
introduce details that are not formulated in she's allergic to penicillin. TE Sara: Lima belas, beratnya 40,8 kg
dan ia alergi pada penisilin. SE Anna: They are accidents.
(Datum 049/CF/Adp/C) TE Anna: Mereka produk kecelakaan.
The translator leaves the term (Datum 002/Ev/Amp/LC) ‘pound' and adapts the term ‘kilogram' as the standard concept of mass measurement phenomena of having baby that are not used in the target culture. It is followed by expected or intended because of the an attempt to convert the finding of the carelessness in having sexual intercourse. measurement from pound into kilogram. The word ‘produk' in the target language has a role as additional information to Modulation is a technique to change explain babies as accidents so that it results point of view either lexical or structural. understandable translation of a connotative SE Sara: No hospices.
TE Sara: Aku tak perlu berobat jalan.
(Datum 104/EGL/Mod/C) The term ‘hospice' is a hospital Transposition is a technique to which offers palliative care for terminally ill change grammatical category. people. It is translated into ‘berobat jalan' SE Campbell: No one can force you to
donate if you don't want to, can they?
which means a medical procedure in which people go for treatment but do not stay the known by specific group of people such as night, equals with the term ‘outpatients medical staffs, cancer patients and their care' in the source language. families. Consequently, the audience should search the term from other sources to 3. Clarity Level
a. Clear Translation SE Brian: I don't know when it started but
CONCLUSION
probably around 11, it was 103.
Based on the research findings it can TE Brian: Aku tak tahu kapan, tapi
mungkin sekitar pukul 11.00, suhunya
be formulated the conclusion as follows. sekitar 39,4.
Out of nineteen hierarchies from SNOMED- (Datum 015/CF/Adp/C) Datum 015/CF/Adp/C belongs to CT, only thirteen types medical terms clear translation. The three respondents appear in the movie. They are clinical understand that the concept of the term finding, procedure, body structure, social refers to the result of a person's body context, pharmaceutical/biologic product, temperature. The term is adapted in the target culture usage so that it is acceptable by the target audience. observable entity, specimen, record artifact, b. Less Clear Translation organism, and events. The most frequent SE Paramedic: BP is 100 over 68.
type of medical terms is clinical finding (42 TE Paramedis: Seratus per 68.
(Datum 052/CF/Red/LC) The respondents choose less clear level. Although the translated term is natural techniques employed by the translator based in Bahasa Indonesia, they confuse to relate on the theory of Molina and Albir. They are the concept of clinical finding to what borrowing, calque, established equivalent, particularization, c. Unclear Translation SE Kate: I can taste your Cytoxan.
amplification, transposition, adaptation, and TE Kate: Aku bisa merasakan Cytoxan-
modulation. Borrowing and calque are the (Datum 110/PBP/Bor/UC) most frequent translation techniques used by the translator (27 or 21.26 %). unclear level because they have never heard From the total data in this research, the term. They cannot understand the term it is considered that 84 data (66.14 %) and it is difficult to guess it. It is because the belong to clear level, 24 data (18.90 %) term is used in certain condition and is belong to less clear level, and 19 data (14.96 Handayani, A. 2009. Analisis Ideologi Penerjemahan Penilaian %) belong to unclear level. Terjemahan Kedokteran dalam Buku "Lecture Notes on Clinical Medicine". Pro REFERENCES
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