Microsoft word - 020_dedy subandowo_grammatical function of indonesian first lady

The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION OF INDONESIAN FIRST
LADY'S STATUS OF PHOTOGRAPH ON INSTAGRAM WITH
FOCUS ON THE USE OF SUBJECT
Muhammadiyah University of Metro Abstract. The building of language construction can not be separated from linguistic
structures. One of the structures is syntax. It deals with how to construct a sentence
starting with words, phrases, sentences, and clauses. The use of sentence in language
needs subject as the main point or theme to discuss. The most complex grammatical
function in language is Subject. The occurrence of subject in English sentence is various.
It can be as a subject in active or passive sentence. The grammatical subject and logical
subject are the most common occurrence in English. The grammatical subject is the
corresponding agreement in number with verb, never being preceded by a preposition
"by". The logical subject is meant that in either syntactic construction denotes as an agent
by putting inside the "by" prepositional phrase at the end of the sentence.
This research is qualitative research with case study in grammatical Function of
Indonesian First Lady's status photograph on Instagram with Focus on the use of Subject.
The data are collected from the statuses under the photograph title on Mrs. Ani
Yudhoyono' Instagram. The data then are classified into grammatical subject in active
sentence, grammatical subject in non-finite clause, the logical subject in passive clause,
and ellipsis of grammatical subject.
Keyword: Grammatical Function, Grammatical Subject, Logical Subject
1. Introduction
Language can be understood by others who know that language. This has meaning
that the speakers have capacity to produce linguistic knowledge, signify certain
meaning, and to understand or to interpret the sounds produced by others
(Fromkin, 2009:4). One can be inferred from the linguistic knowledge is to know
the sentence construction, how the sentence is built in which the term syntax is
used.
Syntax is one of the structures of language means sentence construction that has
rule to combine words into phrases, and phrases into sentences (Radford, 2003:1,
Tallerman, 2001:1). Some use the term grammar to name the same as syntax,
although most linguists follow the more recent practice. Syntax is the first thing in
grammar, because the grammatical language sets all of its organizing principles:
information about the speech sound system, how the word forms, how to
recognize the language based on the context and so on (Barret, 1866:77). The
Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 sentence pattern in language needs a subject to indicate the theme or the agent of the main point of the sentence. Subject is a grammatical term for the part of a clause or sentence which generally goes before the verb phrase in a sentence (Leech, 1991: 449). Subject can be various patterns; it can be as noun, noun phrase, or clause. The sentence "Tono get the scholarship from Australia" indicates that the subject of the sentence is single noun "Tono". Whereas my sister and his sister will visit me this afternoon is a subject which has pattern as a noun phrase, and the teacher who wears a uniform is an English teacher shows that the subject is in relative clause. The complex writing sentence can be found in such media like internet. The social media which have been widely raised this decade make some educated people use these to express their opinion. The minister of communication and technology, Sembiring (2014) stated that 107 million people in Indonesia are internet user. It placed Indonesia 79.7% as the top position among Philippines 78%, Malaysia 72%, data/9/statistik.html). Instagram is now well-known media social for photograph.
There are 670 million photographs uploaded on Instagram and 51.500
photographs for every single day. This media social has big influence to the
publishers in Indonesia who love photography like our first lady Ani Yudonoyo.
Mrs Yudoyono's account has been chosen for this research because her social and
educative background will make good syntactic structure in writing sentence
under her photographs and her account is the top four position of the most popular
Instagram in Indonesia (Andri, 2014. http://id.techinasia.com/inilah-10-orang-
indonesia-terpopuler-di-instagram/). In line with this, Holmes (1995:12) explained
that the higher someone's status has, the more complex of grammaticality will be
used. Furthermore, this research entitled Grammatical Function of Indonesian
First Lady's Status of Photograph on Instagram with Focus on the Use of Subject.

2. Literature Review
2.1 Subject
Subject is one main point in a sentence. The subject is sometimes called the
naming part of a sentence or clause. The subject usually appears before the
predicate to show (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what performs
the action (Nordquist, 2010). According to Miller (2002:88), subject is the
most complex grammatical function to discuss. Furthermore, Tallerman,
(2011:190) said that subjects have six typical cross-linguistic properties, they
are:
1. Subjects are normally used to express the AGENT of the action, if there is
2. Subjects tend to appear first in the clause in unmarked (basic) constituent order. Recall that up to 90 percent of languages are either SOV or SVO, therefore subject-initial. But since that leaves 10 percent or more of the Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 world's languages that not subject-initial, we can't use this as a defining property. 3. Subjects are understood as the missing argument in IMPERATIVE constructions. An imperative is a command such as Sit! or Eat up your greens! Both intransitive and transitive verb have an understood (or in some languages, overt) second person subject pronoun (‘you') in the imperative. 4. Subjects control REFLEXIVE NPs, that is, ‘-self' form such as the English herself, themselves, and also RECIPROCAL NPs such as each other. 5. Subjects often control the referential properties of an NP in another clause. For instance, when two clauses are conjoined, the subject of the second clause can be omitted because it is co-referential with the subject of the first clause. 6. Subjects are the most usual target for promotion from other position. For instance, the Passive construction promotes an NP from direct object position to subject position, turning The students forgot her into She was forgotten (by the students): the pronoun has the form her as an direct object, but she as a subject. Although not all languages have promotion processes, if a language has any promotion processes, then it will have ones that move some constituent into subject position. 2.2 Realization of the Subject
The subject can be identified by asking "Who or What carried out the action
denoted by the verb" and "who or what is this about?" (Aarts, 2001:72). It can
be practically done in a simple sentence Ridho sings in the bathroom. The
sentence consists of the subject Ridho, because NP refers to the individual who
is doing the singing, and because the sentence can be said to be about him.
Aarts tells more about the occurrences of noun phrase which take place as a
subject, they are:
a) NPs function as Subject
1. [NP The Hedgehog] ate the cream cake. 2. [NP A Rat] bit my toe. 3. [NP This Shoe] hurts me. 4. [NP Academics] never lie. Those sentences above show that subjects are realized as NP. NP is the most
common structure for a sentence that performs the action denoted by the verb
(thus having the semantic role of agent (Sell, 2008:36).
b) PPs functioning as Subject
5. [PP Under the stairs] was a safe area to be during the war. 6. [PP Outside the fridge] is not a good place to keep milk. Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 7. [PP After Saturday] would be a good time to go away for a few days. 8. [PP Between eleven and midnight] suits me alright. The restriction on PPs is applied as Subject in English. Firstly, they are usually phrases that specify a location, as (5) and (6), or time interval, as in (7) and (8). Secondly, the main verb of the sentence is often, though not exclusively (8), a form of the verb be. c) AP functioning as Subject
9. [AP Restless] is what I would call him. d) AdvP functioning as Subject
10. [AdvP Cautiously] is how I would suggest you do it.
The occurrence of PPs, APs or AdvPs as subjects is usually clausal subjects. Here are some examples of sentences with finite clauses as subject. e) Finite clauses functioning as Subject
11. [That he will go to Bali soon] is obvious. 12. [Because you come here] doesn't mean that I am available. 13. [What the terrorists said] puzzled the police. 14. [Why she consented] remains a mystery. The finite clauses that functioning as subject above are introduced by a conjunction that (11) and because (12), while in (13) – (14) are introduced by a Wh-word, i.e. a word that begins with the letter wh,, e.g. who, what, where, why, etc. then these clauses are called Wh-clauses. f) Nonfinite clauses functioning as Subject
To-infinitive clauses functioning as Subject with a Subject of their
15. [for Judith to buy that house] would spell disaster. 16. [for us to understand that issues] requires a major mental effort. 17. [for Koko to go to College] would be a good idea. 18. [for Stephen to visit the artist museum] would not be desirable. Without a subject of their own:
19. [To be a good teacher] is more difficult than people think. 20. [To see her] is to love her. 21. [To surrender our arms] will seem cowardly. 22. [To break down this fence] could lead to a conflict with neighbors. Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 It implies that one can easily be inferred, when the subject clause has no subject of its own. The example in (19) the subject in the bracket clause is someone: for someone to be a good teacher is more difficult than people think. Without a subject of their own, introduced by Wh-word
23. [What to read during the holidays] is the question all students are 24. [Where to as for permission] seems quite clear. g) Bare infinitive clauses functioning as Subject
25. [Party the night away] is a nice thing to do.
-ing participle clauses functioning as Subject with a Subject of their
own.

26. [Jono breaking the rules] is unacceptable. 27. [The children crying over there] wants to have a coke bottle. Sentence (25) is an example of sentence that has a bare infinitive clause subject. The examples above are quite rare and used informally. The sentence in (26) and 27 is the subjects which formed in –ing participle clause. Without a subject of their own
28. [Going on holiday] always creates tensions 29. [Running a business] is hard work. 30. [Swimming in the lake] will make you ill. 31. [Refusing to help your mother] is selfish. As with the to- infinitive clauses, if there is no subject, it can be inferred from the context of from one's knowledge of the world. Another example of subject is Small Clause (SC). This clause is really rare. It has a subject of its own, as the following example shows: Small Clause functioning as Subject
32. [The Kitchen free of cockroaches] is a welcome prospect. 2.3 Types of Subject
The most complex grammatical function is that of subject. Miller (2002:88) explained the types of subject based on syntactic analysis; they are grammatical subject, logical subject, and psychological subject. a) Grammatical Subject This subject is related to morphological elements such as, verbs, pronouns, and other sentential elements, and it is the closest NP that controls agreement (Radford Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 1984:363). The sentence "The bats hunt prey at night" indicates that the subject bat precedes the verb. The subject determines the verb in number, as becomes clear when it is made singular: The bat hunts prey at night. b) Logical subject This subject was introduced in syntax to help account for instances where the speakers feel unsure about the subject that they will use to control the information based on semantic properties (Koffi, 2005:21). The subject in sentence the cat seizes the mouse has interesting property; it refers to the agent in the situation. When the sentence is changed to passive form "the mouse is seized by the cat", many analysts consider that cat plays do the same as Agent too, although it is inside the by prepositional phrase and at the end of the sentence. it meant that in either syntactic construction cat denotes the agent. c) Psychological Subject The third type of subject is called psychological subject in which the subject in the sentence the bats hunt prey at the night is the starting point of the message, then it shows the entities about which the speaker wished to say something, as the traditional formula puts it (Miller, 2002:89). Psychological subject does change the word order where the main topic will be discussed. The sentence "the prey bats hunt at the night" can be said the main topic of the sentence is "the prey", so "the prey" acts as psychological subject. 3. Finding and Discussion
The finding data based on the lady's status are being classified into grammatical subject in active sentence, grammatical subject in non-finite clause, the logical subject in passive clause, and ellipsis of grammatical subject. 3.1 Grammatical Subject in Active Sentence
My grandson is so stylish. (16 May 2015)
Ucok Durian is truly marvelous. (27 March 2014)
I have always enjoyed taking care of libraries.(4 March 2014)
I think the drum is bigger. (18 April 2014)
The President and delegation will visit the refugees of Mount Kelud in
Kediri, Blitar and Malang. (16 February 2014)
The sentence (1) and (2) are the form of copula constructions which show that My grandson and Ucok Durian are the subject of the sentence. Then, the subject determines the verb in number. Sentence (3) and (4) used pronoun "I" as the subject of the sentence. "I" precedes the verb "have" and "Think". It agrees the verb number. The phrase subject "the drum" is a picked out noun in a given sub clause and proceeds by the linking verb is. The last sentence (5), the subjects are Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 in compound "the president and delegation" who are the main topic of the sentence. 3.2 Grammatical Subject in Non-Finite Clause
(6) We have to clean up these dry leaves. (9 June 2014)
(7) You wanted to help me pack. (16 June 2014)
(8) The First Lady urged all parties to increase awareness towards autism. (17
June 2014) (9) Each of them possesses their own talents to be pursued. (16 April 2014)

The other grammatical criteria can be seen in the sentences above. All those
sentences contain infinitive phrases; to clean up these dry leaves (6), to help me
pack (7), to increase awareness towards autism (8), to be pursued (9). The clause
which has infinitive in it is called as non-finite clause. One of the properties being
that it has understood subject; the subject "we", "you", "the first lady", and "each
of them" are the understood subjects. "We" is the subject of clean up these dry
leaves. It implies that "we" is the person who is to clean these dry leaves. You is
the person who helps me back, and similarly for the first lady and each of them.
The infinitive clean, help, increase, and be are dependent on the verb have, want,
urge, possess. The grammatical subject of the main verb, We, You, the first lady,
and each of them are said to control the understood subject of the infinitive.
3.3 The Logical subject in Passive Clause
(10) Kualanamu International Airport, officially opened by President SBY on
27th March 2014. (28 March 2014). the subject property in the sentence (10) refers to the logical subject. The agent of
the sentence is "President SBY" while "Kualanamu International Airport" is the
theme (or patient) of the semantic role in the sentence. The logical subject is the
subject where it is preceded by the "by prepositional phrase" and to denote the
agent of the sentence.

(11) Photograph was taken in 2007. (6 June 2014)
(12) This picture is taken in front of the "Bentol" house of Istana Cipanas. (22
The sentence (11) and (12) can be regarded as the passive clause with anonymous logical subject or without "by prepositional phrase" in it. "Photograph" (11) and "This picture" did not perform the action of the verb to take. The action was done to photograph and this picture. In this case, "photograph" and "this picture" are the recipient of the action. The subject (the doer) of the sentence who did the action is general, unknown or obvious. Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4 The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 3.4 Ellipsis of Grammatical Subject
(13) The mother is a loyal companion to its calf who is 3-months old and still nursing. (31 May 2014) (14) The Indonesian children are smart, have noble character, have minds of steel, are tough and excellent.(2 May 2014) Only grammatical subject can be ellipted. The two sentences in (13) and (14) are the ellipsis of grammatical subject. The mother, in the sentence (13) and The Indonesian children (14) are the subjects that are ellipted. The grammatical subject is pivotal, in the sense that is a grammatical subject which is omitted. The understood subject of the sentence (13) and (14) are controlled by the initial grammatical subject. References
Aarts, B. (2001). English Syntax and Argumentation. New York: Palgrave. Andry, T. (2014, April 30). Inilah 10 orang Indonesia terpopuler di Instagram. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from TechinAsia: http://id.techinasia.com/inilah-10-orang-indonesia-terpopuler-di-instagram/ Barrett, S. (1866). English Syntax. Boton: Ira Bradley and Co. Holmes, J. (1995). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman London and New York. Koffi, E. (2005). Logical Subjects, Grammatical Subjects, and the. Journal of Translation , 21. Leech, G. (1991). The State of the Art in Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman. Miller, J. (2002). An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Nordquist, R. (2010, - -). About Education Grammar and Composition. Retrieved June Monday, 2014, from About: about.com Radford, A. (2003). Syntax A Minimalist Introduction. New York: Cambrigde University Press. Sell, J.-B. K. (2008). English Syntax : An Introduction. California: CSLI Publications. Tallerman, M. (2011). Understanding Syntax. London: Hodder Education. Victoria Fromkin, R. R. (2009). An Introduction to Language. Boston: Boston, MA Cengage Wadsworth. Proceedings of The 3rd UAD TEFL International Conference 2014 "Materials Development in Asia and Beyond: Directions, Issues, and Challenges" September 17—18, 2014, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Organized by English Education Department, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan ISBN: 978-602-18907-1-4

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